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The Battle of Arlington Mills, Virginia〔Arlington Mills, is at Columbia Turnpike as it crosses Four Mile Run. The road had already been built as a through road from the Long Bridge over the Potomac River at Washington, D.C. past the mill to Little River Turnpike. (''The Arlington Mill - Virginia Historical Markers on Waymarking.com'' ) Retrieved June 2, 2011.〕 was a small skirmish that was one of the first military engagements of the American Civil War. It occurred at about 11:00 p.m. on the night of June 1, 1861. The Battle of Fairfax Court House (June 1861) took place earlier that day. The skirmish at Arlington Mills occurred a week after the Union Army occupation of the area of Virginia opposite Washington, D.C. on May 24, 1861.〔From that area the Union Army occupied points in Virginia a few miles away from their original areas of occupation on the Potomac River.〕 Under cover of darkness, a squad of as few as nine Virginia, soon to be Confederate, soldiers, fired a volley at Union Army soldiers from Company E of the 1st Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment (90-day) and Company G of the 11th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment (1st New York Fire Zouaves). These companies had camped and were performing picket duty at Arlington Mill or Arlington Mills, Virginia. During the brief and confused exchange of gunfire in the dark, one Union soldier was killed and another was wounded while one Confederate soldier was wounded. This small and brief affair was one of the first combat actions of the American Civil War. The affair showed that despite the Union Army occupation of areas of northern Virginia across from Washington, D.C., Confederates could still operate in that area and strike the Union forces close to the capital city. ==Background== The U.S. Army surrendered Fort Sumter in the harbor Charleston, South Carolina to Confederate forces on April 14, 1861.〔Long, E. B. ''The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861–1865.'' Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1971. . p. 59.〕 The next day, President Abraham Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to serve for 90 days in order to reclaim federal property and to suppress the rebellion begun by the seven Deep South states which had formed the Confederate States of America (Confederacy).〔 Four Upper South States, including Virginia, refused to furnish troops for this purpose.〔Long, 1971, p. 60.〕 Instead, political leaders in these states began the process of secession from the Union with the intent of joining the Confederacy.〔Hansen, Harry. ''The Civil War: A History''. New York: Bonanza Books, 1961. . p. 48〕 On April 17, 1861, a convention for the purpose of considering the secession of Virginia began in Richmond, Virginia.〔〔Scharf, John Thomas. (''History of the Confederate States Navy From Its Organization to the Surrender of Its Last Vessel'' ). New York: Rogers & Sherwood, 1887, p. 39. . Retrieved February 1, 2011.〕 The convention immediately passed an ordinance of secession and authorized the governor to call for volunteers to join the military forces of Virginia to defend the state against Federal military action.〔〔 Despite scheduling a popular vote to ultimately determine whether Virginia would secede from the Union, the actions of the Virginia Secession Convention and of the state government, especially Virginia Governor John Letcher, effectively took Virginia out of the Union.〔〔Detzer, David. ''Dissonance: The Turbulent Days Between Fort Sumter and Bull Run''. New York: Harcourt, 2006. ISBN 978-0-15-603064-9 (pbk.) p. 49.〕 Governor Letcher appointed Robert E. Lee, who had just resigned as a colonel in the U.S. Army, as commander in chief of Virginia’s army and navy forces on April 22, 1861 at the grade of major general.〔 On April 24, 1861, Virginia and the Confederate States agreed that the Virginia forces would be under the overall direction of the Confederate President, Jefferson Davis, pending completion of the process of Virginia joining the Confederate States.〔 The 1st Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment, under the command of Colonel Orlando Willcox, was a three-month regiment, the only such regiment from Michigan.〔('The Civil War Archive, Michigan Regimental Histories' ). Retrieved January 13, 2013.〕〔Three–month regiments were committed to serve only for a 3–month period of time, the length of time for which President Lincoln originally called for volunteers to suppress the rebellion.〕 The unit was organized at Fort Wayne, Detroit, Michigan, and mustered into United States service on May 1, 1861.〔〔Dunbar, Willis Frederick and George May. (''Michigan: a history of the Wolverine State'' ). Grand Rapids, MI: Erdmann, 1980. ISBN 978-0-8028-7043-8. Retrieved June 15, 2011. p. 321.〕 The regiment left the State of Michigan for Washington, D.C. on May 13, 1861, reached Washington on May 16, 1861 and occupied Arlington Heights, Virginia and Alexandria, Virginia on May 24, 1861.〔〔 Orlando Willcox was soon given brigade command.〔"The Opposing Armies at the First Bull Run." p. 194. In ''Battles and Leaders of the Civil War'', vol. 1, edited by Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence C. Buel. New York: Century Co., 1884-1888. .〕 With Willcox in command of the brigade, the regiment was commanded by Major Alonzo F. Bidwell.〔 The 1st Michigan Infantry (90-day) was attached to Orlando Willcox's Brigade, Samuel Heintzelman's Division, Irwin McDowell's Army of Northeastern Virginia.〔 A three–year regiment with the same regiment number replaced the 90–day 1st Michigan Infantry Regiment after the original 1st Michigan Infantry Regiment was mustered out of the Union Army at the end of its term of service.〔〔Dunbar, 1980, p. 322.〕 First, however, the 90–day men would have to fight in the Battle of First Bull Run (Battle of First Manassas).〔〔 On May 7, 1861 the 11th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment (1st New York Fire Zouaves) was mustered into Federal service to serve for the duration of the war, not just for 3 months or a limited period of time.〔()〕 Colonel Elmer E. Ellsworth commanded the regiment.〔 The 11th New York Infantry served in the same brigade as the 1st Michigan Infantry at the First Battle of Bull Run.〔 The regiment suffered extensive casualties, including many taken prisoner, at the First Battle of Bull Run during the fighting on Henry House Hill and while serving as the rear guard for the retreating Union army.〔 Eventually, on June 2, 1862, after a period of service on guard duty at Newport News, Virginia, near Fort Monroe, the regiment, which had been suffering discipline problems, was mustered out.〔 Many of its remaining members, including men who joined after the First Battle of Bull Run, re–enlisted in other regiments.〔 The secession of Virginia was ratified by a popular vote on May 23, 1861.〔Long, 1971, p. 77.〕 Virginia Governor Letcher issued a proclamation officially transferring Virginia forces to the Confederacy on June 6, 1861.〔United States. War Dept, Robert Nicholson Scott, et al. ( ''The War of the Rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate Armies'' ) Series I, Volume II. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1880. . Retrieved May 14, 2011. pp. 911–912.〕 Major General Robert E. Lee, commanding the state forces, issued an order in compliance with the proclamation on June 8, 1861.〔 Despite the presence of Virginia forces in league with the Confederacy in Arlington and Alexandria, Virginia, just across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C., President Lincoln did not wish to make a provocative military move into Virginia until after the popular vote on secession of the state had taken place.〔Detzer, 2006, p. 317.〕 In the early morning hours of May 24, 1861, the day after the vote, the 1st Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment and the 11th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment crossed the Long Bridge into Arlington and occupied Arlington Heights.〔〔Lossing, Benson John and William Barritt. (''Pictorial history of the civil war in the United States of America'', Volume 1 ). Philadelphia, George W. Childs, 1866. . Retrieved May 1, 2011. p. 482.〕〔Poland, Jr., Charles P. ''The Glories Of War: Small Battle and Early Heroes Of 1861''. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2006. ISBN 978-1-4184-5973-4. p. 19.〕 Part of the 1st Michigan Infantry, along with part of the 11th New York Infantry, continued to Alexandria while the other companies of the 11th New York Infantry crossed the Potomac by boat and occupied the town.〔〔 It was during this operation that Colonel Ellsworth took down a secessionist flag at the ''Marshall House'' hotel and was killed by its proprietor James W. Jackson.〔Eicher, David J. ''The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War.'' New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. ISBN 978-0-684-84944-7. pp. 73–74.〕 Jackson, in turn, was immediately killed by Private Francis E. Brownell of Ellsworth's regiment.〔〔Poland, 2006. p. 20.〕 The 69th New York State Militia, a 90-day regiment, later the 69th Infantry New York State Volunteers (NYSV), under Colonel Michael Corcoran, also participated in the operation, crossing the Potomac River over the Chain Bridge.〔Lossing, 1866, p. 480.〕〔United States War Dept, Robert Nicholson Scott, et al. (''The War of the Rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate Armies'' ). Series I - Volume II. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1880. . Retrieved January 13, 2013. pp. 40–41.〕 The Union regiments established camps, performed picket duty and later built part of the defenses of Washington on high ground near the river and up to about five miles (8 km) away from the river.〔Lossing, 1966, pp. 484–485.〕 Companies from both the 1st Michigan Infantry under Captain Brown and the 11th New York Infantry under Captain Roth〔The web site of a re-enactor group identifies the first captain of Company G of the 11th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment as Captain Michael Teagen. ()〕 performed picket duty and camped at Arlington Mills, about from the Long Bridge at Washington.〔Hannings, Bud. (''Every Day of the Civil War: A Chronological Encyclopedia'' ). Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 2010. ISBN 978-0-7864-4464-9. p. 47. Retrieved May 30, 2011〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Battle of Arlington Mills」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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